All of these are contributed by pro-angiogenic cytokines (vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietins, matrix metalloproteinases), heterogeneity in tumor-associated endothelial cells, crosstalk with tumor and CAFs, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, matrix stiffness, and contributions from fibroblasts [128]. The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is neoplasm.