While the literature to date supports the concept that ISCs may play a role in inhibiting β cell function in diabetes, most likely via mediators that affect β cells in a paracrine manner, little is known about the possible effects of PSCs on distant targets relevant to diabetes, namely peripheral cells, such as hepatocytes, adipocytes and skeletal myocytes, that regulate glucose homeostasis via insulin-mediated utilisation of glucose. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.