VHL and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: The authors reported an upregulation of DIRAS-2 mRNA in ccRCC compared to normal kidney tissue by analyzing TCGA and Oncomine databases and they uncovered a specific function of DIRAS-2 in ccRCC as an activator of MAPK signaling pathway in the absence of the von Hippel–Lindau protein (pVHL) [11].