KRAS and familial pancreatic carcinoma: Via this pathway, glutamine supports pancreatic cancer growth via a KRAS-regulated metabolic pathway; in this pathway, it can be converted into oxaloacetate by aspartate transaminase and this oxaloacetate is further converted into malate and then pyruvate, which contributes to an increase in the NADPH/NADP+ ratio and leads to the maintenance of the cellular redox state [21].