TGFβ signaling has also been implicated in the tumor-enhancing properties of macrophages in PDAC, as TGFβ signal inhibition abolished the macrophage-induced EMT in tumor cells [170], consistent with observations that macrophage-derived exosomal microRNA-501-3p enhances PDAC tumorigenesis via the suppression of TGFBR3, thereby leading to activating the TGFβ pathway [171]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.