The role of TGFβ signals should also be considered, particularly in light of observations that TGFβ inhibition can deplete Tregs and enhance immune responses in tumor-bearing mice administered a GM-CSF secreting allogeneic pancreas tumor vaccine (GVAX) [167], and that the combination of anti-CD25-mediated Treg depletion and TGFβ inhibition potentiates the effects of anti-PD-1 in vivo [168]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and pancreatic neoplasm.