TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Obesity-associated AT inflammation is characterized by the generation and secretion of multiple inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including but not limited to interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, IL-18, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) [78].