This is evidenced by (1) pro-oncogenic changes in epigenetic regulation [59], promotion of the activities of pro-oncogenic NAD+-dependent pathways such as sirtuins and PARP-1 [69,141,142,143], maintenance of mitochondrial function and support of the Warburg effect [37,97,195], activation of pro-oncogenic signalling pathways such as Akt [107,108] and protection against anti-cancer drugs [37,119,120,121,122,123,124,125]. This evidence concerns the gene PARP1 and cancer.