Previously, Campbell and Jabbes [29] have sequenced canine and feline TFFs cDNAs derived from gastric (TFF1, TFF2) and colonic (TFF3) mucosa RNA and showed that the majority of the deduced amino acid sequences of canine and feline TFFs obtained were in agreement with those of other mammalian species (e.g., human, rat, mouse, cow, pig, sheep), supporting the theory that the dog and cat may prove to be useful models for the study of trefoil peptides in various pathologies, such as IBD and gastrointestinal carcinomas. The gene discussed is TFF1; the disease is digestive system carcinoma.