Moreover, disruption of Nrf2 causes early onset and severe emphysema, and Nrf2 activator, 1-[2-cyano-3-,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oyl] imidazole, attenuates cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and alveolar/cardiac dysfunction in mice [49]. Here, NFE2L2 is linked to pulmonary emphysema.