BMP4 and neoplasm: SERPINE2 has been shown to promote metastasis in various human cancers through several mechanisms such as tumor matrix remodeling and tumor-associated macrophage polarization [35], glycogen synthesis kinase 3β signaling pathway activation [19], P38 signaling pathway activation [36], and bone morphogenetic protein 4 expression through Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation [24].