According to the Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) research, a risk score for prediction of mortality in CHF has been constructed from 13 patient characteristics: age, EF, NYHA class, serum creatinine, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, heart failure duration, current smoker, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gender, not prescribed a beta-blocker, and not prescribed an ACE inhibitor or ARBs. Here, ACE is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.