208 (22%) participants reported previous urinary symptoms, 318 (38%) had previously had a PSA test (no significant difference between carriers and non-carrier controls), and 186 (19%) had at least one first-degree or second-degree relative with prostate cancer (self-reported), with significantly more non-carrier controls reporting a family history of prostate cancer in the MSH2 (p=0·028) and MLH1 (p=0·0044) groups than carriers; for the MSH6 group, there was no significant difference between carriers and non-carrier controls (p=0·081; table 1). This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and Familial prostate cancer.