Although the total number of cancers detected was small, these PPVs were considerably higher than those reported in the ERSPC study (24·1%), and after the baseline screening in the IMPACT BRCA1 and BRCA2 cohort (44%).24, 30 The PPV of PSA concentration of higher than 3·0 ng/mL for detecting cancer was also higher in MSH2 carriers than in non-carrier controls (48·1% vs 14·3%; p=0·20) and in MSH6 carriers than in non-carrier controls (80·0% vs 0; p=0·048). Here, KLK3 is linked to cancer.