As SPP1 was mainly expressed in macrophage (Supplementary Figure 6A), we further detected that the relative abundances of SPP1+ TAMs [M-S2 (cluster 1) in LC and M-S3 (cluster 2) in CRC] and cancer cell subclusters with high EMT [CS1 (cluster 0) in LC and CS2 (cluster 1) in CRC] were correlated together in LC and CRC, which further strengthens the function of SPP1+ TAMs in promoting EMT (Supplementary Table 2 and Figure 5B). Here, SPP1 is linked to cancer.