SPP1 and cancer: Using clinical data collected from the TCGA project, we confirmed that patients with a higher level of SPP1 gene expression showed worse prognosis in six cancer types, including lung cancer studied in this study (Figure 6B), and a higher proportion of SPP1+ TAMs was also associated with a worse clinical outcome (Supplementary Figure 7C), suggesting the clinical impact of SPP1 and SPP1+ TAMs in cancer.