BECN1 and liver cancer: As marker proteins of autophagy, the Beclin-1, Atg5, and LC3II protein expression increased and p62 protein expression decreased, showing that Sa/DDP treatment can induce the vesicles and lysosomes to combine into autolysosomes and cause macroautophagy, suggesting that Sa/DDP can induce the autophagic death of the liver cancer cells.