MMP9 and cardiovascular disorder: While hair cortisol levels have been associated with IPV and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction, and inflammatory biomarkers like IL-6, IL-1β, and MMP9 in saliva samples of IPV survivors, as well as cardiovascular disease biomarkers may be associated with IPV, these are hardly specific to IPV and can only moderately assist in screening for IPV survivors (Halpern et al., 2017; Shealer et al., 2017; Alhalal and Falatah, 2020).