Figure 3 shows the increased secretion of the proinflammatory factors HMGB1 (Figure 3(c)), IL-1β (Figure 3(d)), IL-6 (Figure 3(e)), IL-8 (Figure 3(f)), and TNF-α (Figure 3(g)) and the markedly reduced secretion of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 (Figure 3(h)) in the NEC group compared with the control and NEC+butyrate groups (P < 0.01). Here, TNF is linked to necrotizing enterocolitis.