Again, inflamed IBD tissues with high expression of M4 and M5 (see Extended Data Fig. 5f for classification) demonstrated a higher percentage of neutrophil elastase (NE)- and calprotectin (S100A8/A9)-positive cells, but not PDPN-positive stromal cells or CD68+ MNPs (Fig. 3g). Here, ELANE is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.