MUC5AC and metabolic disease: Plovier et al. showed that A. muciniphila retained its efficacy in improving metabolic disorders when grown on a synthetic medium, a replacement for animal derived mucins.21 Ottman et al. identified 79 putative outer membrane and membrane-associated extracellular proteins and 23 of those had different abundance between cells of A. muciniphila grown on mucin-containing media and those grown on the non-mucus glucose-containing media.137 Moreover, Shin et al. found that A. muciniphila grown under mucin-containing media upregulated genes encoding mucin-degrading enzymes.