GCG and metabolic disease: In addition, P9 strongly induced IL-6 expression and IL-6 dose-dependently increased GLP-1 secretion, wheares IL-6 deficiency downregulated the expression of ICAM-2 and blocked the response toward P9-induced GLP-1 secretion in mice, demostrating that P9 may improve metabolic diseases through an IL-6-GLP-1 signaling axis.36 Since pasteurized A. muciniphila and Amuc_1100 also have beneficial effects on regulating blood glucose,21,32 P9 is not the only way for this bacterium to regulate glucose homeostasis.