TGFB1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Function analysis found that the risk score-related DEGs are mainly enriched in epithelial cell proliferation and extracellular matrix organization, etc. In addition, these DEGs were identified enriched in the cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, TGF-β signaling pathways, focal adhesion, and ECM–receptor interaction signaling pathways, all of them are the most crucial pathways involved in the development of IPF (60–62).