Finally, we found that the differentially expressed genes between persistent AF and paroxysmal AF were mainly related to the production of interleukin-18 (IL-18), IgG binding, clustering of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channels, positive regulation of renal sodium excretion, fever production, positive regulation of fever production, positive regulation of VEGFR signaling pathway, cell response to leptin stimulation, response to leptin, the regulation of fever, and the positive regulation of the chemotaxis of granulocytes (Figure 3E). Here, LEP is linked to Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.