IL1B and lupus nephritis: Studies [68] have shown that piperine can block AMPK signaling, significantly inhibit the expression of key molecules in the NLRP3 inflammasome in the kidneys of lupus nephritis mice, inhibit the caspase-1-mediated classic pyroptosis pathway, and reduce the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, blocking renal tubular epithelial cell pyroptosis and thereby inhibiting the progression of lupus nephritis.