HK1 and cancer: Cancer cells express high levels of mitochondria-bound HK that not only enhances glycolysis, but also protects against mitochondria-mediated apoptosis via direct interaction with VDAC1 (Bryson et al., 2002; Azoulay-Zohar et al., 2004; Zaid et al., 2005; Abu-Hamad et al., 2008, 2009; Arzoine et al., 2009).