Moreover high-levels of VDAC1 were demonstrated in the dystrophic neurites of Aβ deposits in the brains of post-mortem AD patients (Yoo et al., 2001; Perez-Gracia et al., 2008; Cuadrado-Tejedor et al., 2011; Manczak and Reddy, 2012), and in the thalamuses of mice with neurodegeneration in the Batten disease model (Kielar et al., 2009), and changes in thalamic VDAC protein levels were found to be related to spatial cognitive deficits in an animal model of Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (Bueno et al., 2015). Here, VDAC1 is linked to juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.