SOD1 and polycystic ovary syndrome: Zhang et al. (2017) revealed that treatment with metformin increased VDAC expression and decreased superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in PCOS-like rats compared to control rats (Zhang et al., 2017). In addition, metformin in the presence of citral, but not in its absence, increased VDAC expression (Duan et al., 2021). Moreover, VDAC1 is overexpressed in diseases that were found to be modulated by metformin (Table 1).