ITPR1 and polycystic ovary syndrome: Metformin also has been reported to increase VDAC1 expression levels in NCaP cells along with increased the levels of IP3R1, IP3R2, IP3R3, and MCU mRNA, as well as VDAC1 protein (Loubiere et al., 2017), and in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-like rats treated with metformin.