TNF and neurodegenerative disease: Since, as mentioned above, the literature focuses on neuroinflammation as one of the main events following long-term exposure to air pollutants and as a trigger for future neurodegenerative diseases, our work is aimed at detecting a neuroinflammatory response in individuals chronically exposed to volcanic pollutants by studying microglia (resting and reactive form) and the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα.