LCN2 and Nephropathy: Then, qPCR was performed for three biomarkers: kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), a biomarker of renal tubular cells injury; neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), which is highly produced and released from tubular cells after renal damage and is a reliable marker for the severity of kidney damage; and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has an important role on cisplatin-induced renal injury.