SH2D3A and infection: Moreover, NSP1 interacts with the DNA binding domain of the proapoptotic protein p53 to facilitate its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation during the initial stage of infection, creating an antiapoptotic environment in RVA-infected cells; however, the extent of this interaction decreases during late infection, leading to the activation of the p53-regulated protein, i.e., Bax, and PUMA to enable the induction of apoptosis by NSP4 (40).