PPIB and infection: The only differentially expressed transcript in ring-stage infections was cyclophilin 19B (cyp19B; PF3D7_1115600), a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans-isomerase (PPIase) (Fig. 6C): compared to children with HbAA, cyp19B in those with HbAS was downregulated 3-fold (adjusted P = 0.023010).