Previous studies have shown that PARP inhibitors have immunomodulatory properties that have been proposed to increase tumor antigens, antigen presentation, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte recruitment26,36, and upregulate PD-L1 expression through induction of stimulator interferon genes (STING) response and interferon production6–9, all of which may increase the efficacy of ICB therapy and extend PARPi efficacy beyond tumors with intrinsic homologous recombination DNA repair deficiency (HRD). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.