Also, Guo Chuang et al. revealed a monocyte-associated CRS by single-cell sequencing.128 Lee et al. found that type I IFN response co-existed with the TNF/IL-1β-driven inflammation in classical monocytes from patients with severe COVID-19, while this was not seen in patients with milder COVID-19.129. Here, IL1B is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.