TNF and COVID-19: The elevated cytokines in the serum of patients with COVID-19 include IL-1β, IL-6, IP-10, TNF, IFN-γ, MIP 1α/1β, and VEGF.70,71 Furthermore, patients with severe COVID-19 may have significantly higher levels of inflammatory parameters, including CRP, ferritin, D-dimer, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, GM-CSF, IL-6, IP-10, MCP-1, and MCP-1a), than patients with mild COVID-19, which demonstrated the presence of a CRS in severe affected patients.