CSF2 and congenital rubella syndrome: In 2019, Jiang et al. revealed that IL-6 trans-signaling promoted the expansion and antitumor activity of CAR-T cells via the GP130/STAT3 pathway.113 Furthermore, in 2020, Kang et al. found that IL-6 knockdown in CAR-T cells via shRNA technology significantly reduced IL-6 release from monocytes in vitro.114 In addition to IL-6, the IL-1 and CSF pathways also play significant roles in CAR-T-cell-driven CRS via indirect interactions.