TNF and congenital rubella syndrome: To further explore the CRS-related cytokine functions, we summarized 12 cytokines and divided them into three groups: antitumor effectors (granzyme B (GZMB), IFN-γ, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and TNF-α),18–22 stimulatory and regulatory cytokines (GM-CSF, IL-2, MCP-1, NO, and IL-15),23–28 and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and IL-17A).27,29,30 Their sources, functions and related studies are summarized in Table 1.