SPDEF and prostate cancer: SPDEF is overexpressed and promotes the occurrence and metastasis of gastric cancer,12,13 whereas it can inhibit prostate cancer cell migration and invasion.11,14 In colorectal cancer cells, SPDEF induces a quiescent state by disrupting β-catenin binding to cell cycle-related genes.15,16 Thus, SPDEF has complex roles in different cancers.