STING1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In line with this view, dysregulation of cGAS and/or STING in adipocytes (Bai et al., 2017, 2020), hepatocytes (Luo et al., 2018; Luther et al., 2020), and human RPTECs (Maekawa et al., 2019) contributes to various physiological or pathophysiological consequences, such as insulin resistance (Bai et al., 2017; Bai and Liu, 2019), obesity (Bai et al., 2020), alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver diseases (Luo et al., 2018; Luther et al., 2020), as well as kidney dysfunction (Maekawa and Inagi, 2019; Figure 2).