Elevated expression levels of cGAS‒STING signaling components such as cGAS, STING, and IRF3 are also found in the liver of HFD-fed (Qiao et al., 2018) or NASH mouse models (Luo et al., 2018; Xiong et al., 2019), suggesting that activation of the cGAS‒STING pathway contributes to diet-induced NAFL or NASH. This evidence concerns the gene IRF3 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.