TP53 and lung carcinoma: Of note, the integrative TCGA consortium identified three molecular subtypes: ESCC1, associated with alterations in the NRF2 pathway, which regulates adaptation to oxidative stressors, and gene expression profile resembles lung cancer and head and neck squamous carcinoma; ESCC2, with higher NOTCH1 mutation rate and deregulation of apoptosis: and ESCC3 with upregulation of the PI3K pathway and lower TP53 mutation rate17.