CASR and secondary hyperparathyroidism: Additionally, mutations in CaSR and its binding partners and subsequent dysfunctions in CaSR mediated Ca2+ signaling are closely associated with calciotropic (familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH), neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT), autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (ADH), and secondary hyperparathyroidism) and noncalciotropic disorders (cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and bone and gastrointestinal disorders)18–20.