Like other studies, we found NHL was associated with HIV.10 14 NHL is associated with poor adherence to ART and low rates of viral suppression, and NHL risk is high in HIV positive individuals on ART even when their disease is controlled.14 32 33 This may be because HIV activates the CD40 receptors on B-cells like Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) would in EBV-related cancers such as Burkitt lymphoma.32 From a national cohort study in South Africa, among AYAs, the incidence of NHL decreased with increasing CD4 cell counts. Here, CD4 is linked to non-Hodgkin lymphoma.