TNF and neoplasm: Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), mainly M2 type, unlike M1 macrophages which suppress tumor growth by upregulating IL-12, iNOS and TNF-α, express higher levels of immunosuppressive cytokines such as arginase-1 (Arg-1), TGF-β and IL-10, inhibit antitumor immunity by recruiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and repressing CD8+ T cells, and promote the growth and metastasis of tumor cells, which have enabled TAMs to be attractive targets in ITM remodeling [13, 14].