TNF and parasitic infectious disease: BALB/c mice that were treated with anti-IFN-γ, anti-TNF, or both of these anti-cytokine antibodies had higher peak parasitemias (see Fig. S2) than the mice treated with rat Ig, while depletion of IFN-γ or both IFN-γ and TNF impacted survival, with 3/5 and 4/5 mice succumbing to infection, respectively.