TNF and infection: High levels of Th1 cytokines, e.g., parasite-specific IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-2, were detected in splenocyte culture supernatants, and we have previously shown that this combination of cytokines was the strongest correlation of immunity in mice immunized by a “controlled infection immunization” vaccine approach, where animals are given a controlled malaria infection under drug cover (21).