NDRG1 and neoplasm: Three tumor tissues of mice were randomly selected from each group for immunoblotting (Fig. 5F) and RT-qPCR (Fig. 5G), confirming that expressions of GDF15 and NDRG1 were significantly (P = 0.0094 and P = 0.034) higher in the xenograft tumors derived from the CAPE-treated group than those derived from the PBS-treated group.