IL22 and infection: In urine, there was a significant increase in IL-13 (X2 = 15.9450, p<0.0001), IL-1β (X2 = 25.0070, p<0.0001), IL- 10 (X2 = 23.1514, p<0.0001), in infected versus uninfected children (Kruskal-Wallis Tests), and a significant association of infection with the presence of IL-22 (X2 = 4.0326, p = 0.0446), IFN-γ (X2 = 10.0388, p = 0.0015) and TNFα (X2 = 7.4009, p = 0.0065, Pearson Chi-Square Tests of Independence) (Figs 5 and 6).