EDN1 and vascular disorder: Furthermore, the combination of sinomenine and cyclosporin A results in more significant improvements on vasculopathy probably through reducing IgM levels and downregulating vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and ET-1, indicating that sinomenine may act synergistically with cyclosporin A by enhancing the effects of cyclosporin A on vasculopathy, humoral immune response, and expression of cytokines and tissue growth factors (116).