TWIST1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: TWIST1 is involved in obesity- and angiogenesis-associated diseases such as diabetes (Pettersson et al., 2010), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (Nishioka et al., 2015), cancer (Wang et al., 2011), pulmonary fibrosis (Mammoto et al., 2016), and atherosclerosis (Mahmoud et al., 2016, 2017).