For example, blockade of PD-1 and TIM-3 failed to restore the function of exhausted CD8+ T cells in the early clinical stages of CLL (85), indicating the effects of TIM-3 blockade may be different in AML and other leukemias, further studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of TIM-3 inhibitors in different types and stages of leukemia as well as in different leukemia bone marrow microenvironments. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and leukemia.