TGFB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Abnormally activated B cells in patients with SLE exert multiple functions, such as producing large quantities of autoantibody (e.g., anti-dsDNA and ANA), secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and IFN-γ), and anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10 and TGF-β) (1).