GSDMD and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: Ye et al. (2015) reported that HTNV induces the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in THP-1 cells and this may be responsible for the elevated IL-1β levels in HFRS patients. It has been reported in the literature that after the inflammasome is activated, caspase1 cleaves IL-1β and IL-18 precursors into mature forms, and cleaves Gasdermin D (GSDMD) to induce cell membrane perforation and pyroptosis (Pan et al., 2021).