By immunohistochemistry, the expression of Nrf2 was confirmed in the alveolar epithelial type II cells and in the nuclear compartment of hyperplastic alveolar epithelium of IPF patients but was absent in the fibroblastic foci (Figure 3; Markart et al., 2009; Mazur et al., 2010). Here, NFE2L2 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.