Nrf2–/– mice exposed to CS develop earlier onset emphysema (Rangasamy et al., 2004; Iizuka et al., 2005), increased markers of oxidative stress, as assessed by 8-oxo-dG positive cells and more severe inflammation revealed by bronchoalveolar lavage (Rangasamy et al., 2004). The gene discussed is NFE2L2; the disease is pulmonary emphysema.