IL2 and infection: Concomitantly, EBN showed high immunomodulatory effects against IAV by significantly increasing the levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-2 (IL-2), some pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) and other regulatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-27 and CCL-2) depending on the stage of infection (Haghani et al., 2016).