AKT1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Quercetin is one of the major flavonoid-active components in H. cordata, and the content is usually about 0.50 mg/g (Xiao-lei and Xiao-yin, 2013), which could overexpress the FasL receptor and caveolin-1 expression, reducing AKT activation and eliminating apoptosis resistance in IPF (Hohmann et al., 2019).