SIGMAR1 and Cognitive impairment: Further evidence has also confirmed this correlation between the Sig-1R and neuronal synaptic plasticity and survival, elucidating a mechanism by which positive effects of several Sig-1R synthetic ligands such as SKF10047 (Zou et al., 1998), (+)pentazocine (Martina et al., 2007), SA4503 (Maurice and Privat, 1997; Zou et al., 2000), and PRE-084 (Pabba et al., 2014) contribute to enhancement of neuronal synaptic plasticity and ameliorate cognitive deficits.