KIF3A and demyelinating disease: The role of primary cilia in the pathological mechanisms of demyelinating diseases has not been investigated much, but recent studies have reported that major ciliary molecules, such as kinesin family member 3A (KIF3A) and intraflagellar transport 81, and Shh signaling components, such as SMO and PTCH1, are expressed in mouse cortical OPCs (Cahoy et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2014; Figure 2A).