VHL and hereditary pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma: Thirdly, human VHL mutations associated with PCCs have a complex relationship to dysregulation of HIF: type 1 VHL mutations, which show complete dysregulation of HIF, are not associated with pheochromocytoma whereas type 2A, B and C VHL mutations, which are associated with pheochromocytoma, show either less severe or no dysregulation of HIF, at least when assayed in vitro or in heterologous cell types (Kaelin 2008).