It is hypothesised that pre-migration factors (e.g. intrauterine growth, parental socioeconomic status [SES], health behaviour), post-migration factors (e.g. host countries contextual factors, health systems and policies and lifestyle changes), genetics and shared family habits can influence socioeconomic circumstances, behaviour and biological factors, access to healthcare, physical and psychosocial stress and epigenetics upon migration, which in turn affect insulin secretion and action and subsequently type 2 diabetes risk [33]. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.