The current immuno-oncology biomarker landscape primarily covers assessment of tumor antigens (high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H)/deficient mismatch repair (dMMR), expression of neoantigens, tumor mutational burden (TMB)), inflamed tumor markers (inflammation gene signatures, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)), immune suppression markers (PD-L1, LAG-3, myeloid-derived-suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Tregs)) and host microenvironmental factors (microbiome) (Table 1) [9, 20, 23, 27–32]. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.